ackground: We aimed to investigate the effect of low-intensity endurance training (LIET) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on sperm parameters, chromatin status, and oxidative stress in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty
liver disease (NAFLD).
Materials and Methods: For this experimental study, we divided 40 male Wistar rats into four groups (control, sham,
HIIT and LIET) according to diet treatment and exercise training protocol. Liver triglycerides, sperm parameters,
sperm lipid peroxidation (BODIPY C11 probe) and chromatin status [chromomycin A3 (CMA3)], and acridine orange
[AO] staining) were assessed in these groups at the end of the study.
Results: The mean liver triglyceride values significantly improved in both the LIET and HIIT groups compared to
the control and sham groups. The mean of testicular volume, sperm concentration, motility, intensity of sperm lipid
peroxidation and DNA damage were similar within groups. While, the mean percentage of sperm lipid peroxidation
and protamine deficiency were significantly higher in the LIET and HIIT groups compared to the control group.
Conclusion: Both LIET and HIIT in the rat NAFLD model had no adverse effects on testicular morphometric parameters, sperm concentration, motility, and DNA integrity. However, the mean sperm lipid peroxidation and protamine
deficiency were significantly higher in both exercise groups. Our study suggests that exercise or antioxidant supplementation could minimise the adverse effects of oxidant by-products of exercise.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on gene expression of PPARγ and liver TG in rats with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In this experimental study, thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. The first group (20 rats), consumed 16 weeks a high-fat diet with the aim of create a fatty liver, and the second group (control), (10 rats), consumed standard diet during this period of time. After confirmation of fatty liver by measuring the serum level of ALT enzyme in the first group, they were randomly divided into two groups of NAFLD and NAFLD+HIIT (each group of 10 rats), the NAFLD+HIIT group performed progressive exercise training for eight weeks, according to percentage of maximum speed (75-90 percent) and the NAFLD and control groups only took their diet and did not participate in any exercise. After eight weeks of exercise training, expression of PPARγ and TG level were measured. Data analysis showed a significant increase in PPARγ expression in the NAFLD+HIIT group compared to the NAFLD group (P=0.001). Liver triglyceride in NAFLD+HIIT group had a significant decrease (P=0.001). On the other hand, the mean weight of rats in the NAFLD + HIIT group did not change significantly (P= 0.054), but the mean weight of control and NAFLD groups increased significantly during this period (P=0.001). It seems that high intensity interval training by increasing in expression of PPARγ and its effect on the regulation of the expression of effective genes in fat metabolism, independent of weight loss, can reduce liver TG and improves fatty liver disease.

With its dynamic and constantly changing characteristics, basketball, which requires more than one movement, is one of the most preferred and popular team sports in the world. It is important to know that basketball requires programs based on speed, agility and strength fitness components, in which endurance and strength parameters are predominant. In this context, resistance training, which provides skill excellence and increased muscle strength, is important for basketball players. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of 4-week specific core training applied to pre adolescent and adolescent children who do basic basketball training on explosive strength. A total of 16 [Control Group (CG): n=8; Experimental Group (EG): n=8] individuals (age 13.29 ± 1.96 years) who did not have any health problems from basketball school and continued basketball basic training were included in the study. The groups continued their usual basketball basic training program (2 days a week, 60 minutes a day). However, in addition to the basic training program, the experimental group was subjected to an isometric training program for 12-minute core strengthening. Training programs were made for a total of 4 weeks. We examined the effects of core training on speed, vertical jump and agility parameters. Statistical analyzes of the data obtained as a result of the research were obtained using the IBM SPSS 23.0 package program.

Plyometric training involves the use of exercises in which the actual muscles after eccentric contraction become concentric. The aim of this narrative review was to determine the significance and role of plyometric training in basketball, ie this review aimed to determine the influence of plyometric training on the explosive power, sprint,and the change of direction speed of basketball players. The results of this review indicate that plyometric training is an effective method that has a positive effect on short-term maximum performance in basketball. However, some studies have indicated that the effect may be absent on sprint and change of direction speed in basketball players. The general factors of application of plyometric training are age, warm-up, exercises, performance technique, equipment, and surface. The effects of plyometric training can vary depending on factors such as athlete's level, gender, sports activity, duration, type of plyometric training. Therefore, further original studies are needed, in order to further clarify the effect of plyometric training on short-term maximum performance, especially on sprint and change of direction speed of basketball players.

Background and Aim: Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder in basal ganglia in brain. It is a chronic progressive disease, and mostly affects the old people. Physical therapy is one of the ways to help these people to improve their health. Materials and Methods: A total of 45 male and female volunteers with PD (stage 1-4, based on Hoehne and Yahr scale) were recruited in the study. They were assigned into three groups of control, without suit therapy and with suit therapy. The groups with and without suit therapy, in addition to pharmacotherapy, received 8 weeks of balance training including 3 sessions per week, each session for 45 minutes, while the patients of the control group received only pharmacotherapy. The patient's quality of life (PDQL questionnaire) and motor function (UPDRS questionnaire) were evaluted in the beginning and at the end of the period. All data were analysed using ANOVA. Results: The results revealed significant differences in the quality of life between the three groups (P<0/001). Treatment in the groups with and without suit therapy shows to be significantly more
effective than that in the control group, but between groups with and without suit therapy, no significant difference was observed. The results of the study also showed significant differences in motor function among the three groups (P<0/001). The groups with and without suit therapy were significantly more effective than control group, and the group with suit therapy was significantly more
effective than the group without suit therapy.Conclusion: It can be concluded that balance training has a positive effect on the quality of life and motor function in individuals with PD, and balance training with suit therapy is better than the one without suit therapy. Therefore, it is suggested that some balance training with suit therapy sessions be orgaized for these individuals.

Purpose: Lateral ankle sprain is one of the most common injuries among athletes mainly result in the problem of proprioception. Regarding the high possibility of reinjuries, the rehabilitation of this injury is so important, therefore the aim of this study was to compare separate and combined effects of traditional and suit therapy methods of rehabilitation on proprioception of people who suffer from lateral ankle sprain. Methods: Thirty men and women suffering from lateral ankle sprain participated voluntarily in this study. They were divided into three groups of rehabilitation. All individuals participated in rehabilitation were under training for eight weeks (three sessions each week for 45 minutes each session). Proprioception was assessed using proprioception system of ankle before and after eight weeks. Data were analysed using Analysis of Variance test (p<0.05). Results: The results of the present study showed significant difference in proprioception between three groups (p=0.026). The combination method was significantly more effective than traditional method (p=0.024), however, no significant differences were noted between combination with suit therapy method (p=0.236), and also between suit therapy with
traditional (p=0.928). Conclusions: It seems that the combination method has a significant effect on proprioception in comparison with traditional method. However, further studies with larger sample size with groups of different ages and more or less disabilities are needed to reach to a more comprehensive conclusion.

Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is the most common progressive neurological disorder in young adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Frenkel's training with and without suit therapy on fatigue and balance of MS patients.Methods: This research was a semi-empirical study, in which 45 male and female participants suffering from MS, were recruited voluntarily and purposefully in this study and were then randomly assigned to 3 groups of control, without suit therapy, and with suit therapy. The groups with and without suit therapy in addition to pharmacotherapy, received 8 weeks of Frenkel's training, including 3 sixty-minute sessions per week, while the patients of the control group had only received pharmacotherapy during this period. The patient's fatigue (FFS) and balance (Berg) were evaluated at the beginning and the end of 8 weeks. All data were analyzed using paired t test, one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post-test. In this study, a statistically significant level of P < 0.05 was considered. Results: A significant difference was observed in fatigue between the 3 groups (P=0.000). A significant improvement was observed in the group without suit therapy when compared with the control group (P = 0.020), and a significant improvement in the group with suit therapy compared with the control group (P = 0.000), yet, between the groups with and without suit therapy, no significant difference was observed (P = 0.244). A significant difference was observed in balance between the 3 groups (P = 0.000). A significant improvement was observed in the group without suit therapy compared with the control group (P = 0.006), and a significant improvement in the group with suit therapy compared with the control group (P = 0.000), and also a significant improvement in the group with suit therapy in comparison to without suit therapy (P = 0.032). Conclusions: It seems that Frenkel's training had a positive effect on fatigue and balance of MS patients, and also in balanceimprovement Frenkel's training with suit therapy is better than without suit therapy.

Background & Objective: Parkinson's Disease is a progressive neurologic disorder affecting the central nervous system. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of balance training with and without suit therapy on the balance and the gait pattern of patients with Parkinson's Disease. Material & Methods: participants with Parkinson's Disease were divided into three groups of control, with suit therapy, and without suit therapy. The control group received only pharmacotherapy, while the groups with and without suit therapy received eigh weeks balance training in addition to pharmacotherapy. The patient's balance and gait were evaluted by Berg and Tinetti scales, respectively at the pretest and posttest of this study.

Background and Aims: Autism is an evolutional syndrome that causes social and interactional disorders and changes movement patterns. Corrective exercises can positively affect gait and balance in autistic children. The suit therapy is jointed with hooks and elastic bands that balance pressure and support muscles and joints. This study compares the effect of corrective exercise with and without suit therapy on gait kinematic and balance in autistic children with toe walking.
Methods: A group of 30 autistic boys with toe walking (Mean±SD: age= 5.7±1.7 years, height= 106.4±19.5 cm, and weight= 20.8±5.8 kg) were chosen voluntarily and purposefully in this study and then randomly assigned into two groups of with and without suit therapy. Both groups received 8 weeks of corrective exercises, including 5 sessions per week, each session for 2 hours. The cases gait kinematic (Tree dimensional movement analysis) and balance (Tinetti) were evaluated in the pre and posttest. Paired and independent t-test were used for statistical analyses using SPSS v. 16.
Results: The result revealed a significant difference in the gait kinematic between the two groups. Treatment in the corrective exercises group with suit therapy was significantly more effective in stride length (P=0.001), step length (P=0.001), step width (P=0.021), walking speed (P=0.001), ankle dorsiflexion in stance (P=0.001), and swing (P=0.001) phase than that corrective exercises without suit therapy group. But between these two groups, no significant difference was observed in stride time (P=0.444), cadence (P=0.361), deviation foot (P=0.614), and hip flexion (P=0.135). The results of the study also showed no significant difference in balance (P=0.927) between groups.
Conclusion: Corrective exercises with suit therapy are more effective than ones without suit therapy. Therefore, corrective exercises sessions with suit therapy are suggested for autistic boys with toe walking.

The aim of this review was to describe and summarize the scientific literature on programing parameters related to jump or plyometric training in male and female soccer players of different ages and fitness levels. A literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus using keywords related to the main topic of this study (e.g., “ballistic” and “plyometric”). According to the PICOS framework, the population for the review was restricted to soccer players, involved in jump or plyometric training. Among 7556 identified studies, 90 were eligible for inclusion. Only 12 studies were found for females. Most studies (n = 52) were conducted with youth male players. Moreover, only 35 studies determined the effectiveness of a given jump training programming factor. Based on the limited available research, it seems that a dose of 7 weeks (1–2 sessions per week), with ~80 jumps (specific of combined types) per session, using near-maximal or maximal intensity, with adequate recovery between repetitions (<15 s), sets (≥30 s) and sessions (≥24–48 h), using progressive overload and taper strategies, using appropriate surfaces (e.g., grass), and applied in a well-rested state, when combined with other training methods, would increase the outcome of effective and safe plyometric-jump training interventions aimed at improving soccer players physical fitness. In conclusion, jump training is an effective and easy-to-administer training approach for youth, adult, male and female soccer players. However, optimal programming for plyometric-jump training in soccer is yet to be determined in future research.

elite vs. sub-elite players) have not been systematically investigated yet. Thus, the objective of the systematic review with meta-analysis was to characterize and quantify competition level dependent differences in physical fitness and stroke performance in healthy tennis players. A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and SportDiscus from their inception date till May 2022. Studies were included if they investigated healthy tennis players and reported at least one measure of physical fitness (e.g., lower extremity muscle power, endurance, agility, speed) or stroke performance (e.g., stroke velocity). Weighted standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated and reported according to their magnitude. The search identified a total of N = 12,714 records, 16 of which met the inclusion criteria. Competition-level dependent differences in physical fitness and stroke performance were investigated by 11 and 10 studies, respectively. For physical fitness, moderate (lower extremity muscle power: SMD = 0.53; endurance: SMD = 0.59; agility: SMD = 0.54) and small (speed: SMD = 0.35) effects were detected; all in favour of elite tennis players. However, sub-group analyses revealed an influence of players’ age showing higher SMD-values for adult than for young players. Further, a large effect (SMD =1.00) was observed for stroke performance again in favour of elite tennis players. Lastly, a larger but not significantly different association between physical fitness and stroke performance was observed for elite (r = 0.562) compared to sub-elite (r = 0.372) tennis players. This systematic review and meta-analysis revealed better physical fitness and stroke performances in healthy elite compared to sub-elite tennis players. The greatest differences by competition level were shown in measures of lower extremity muscle power, endurance, and agility. Thus, training programs for sub-elite tennis players should place a special focus on these physical components.

Professional Tennis players are amongst some of the fittest and most robust individuals in the modern sporting world. Greater attention is gradually being placed on Strength and Conditioning (S&C) training for the modern-day Tennis athlete, as significant forces and torques are generated through performing their respective strokes, most notably the Serve. The purpose of this paper was to outline the contribution of the lower- and upper-body on the serving motion, and their impact on absolute ball velocity. A thorough search for literature was conducted via Google Scholar. 25 primary articles was narrowed down to 11 based off inclusion criteria that consisted of a) Tennis experience, b) training programfocus, and c) serving velocity measurement. Two of the 11 studies failed to show any positive change in serving velocity which may result from methodological considerations. Majority of studies demonstrated improvements in serving velocity, ranging from ~3.0-29.0%. This large margin reflects the studies differing timeframes, spanning between 4-weeks and 9-months. Majority of the contribution for absolute ball speed comes predominately from lower-body and trunk regions (~50% of total kinetic chain force). The shoulders prove to have a significant contribution to the pace of the ball, however injuries are most common in this region due to agonist-antagonist imbalances. Trunk musculature provides great dynamic support during the momentum shifting of the serving motion. The Tennis serve is fundamentally a whole-body explosive kinetic-chain movement that requires significant practice, especially surrounding technique and coordination. Adopting a full-body periodised S&C program is best suited for the modern-day athlete, with the integration of lower- and upper-body plyometric exercises, and trunk strength and stability

Mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes must achieve high strength levels to face the physical demands of an MMA fight. This study compared MMA athletes’ maximal isometric and dynamic strength according to the competitive level and weight class. Twenty-one male MMA athletes were divided into lightweight professional (LWP; n = 9), lightweight elite (LWE; n = 4), heavyweight professional (HWP; n = 4), and heavyweight elite (HWE; n = 4). The handgrip and isometric lumbar strength tests assessed the isometric strength, and the one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and 4RM leg press the dynamic strength. Univariate ANOVA showed differences between groups in absolute and relative 1RM bench press and absolute isometric lumbar strength. Post hoc tests showed differences in 1RM bench press between HWE and LWE (117.0 ± 17.8 kg vs. 81.0 ± 10.0 kg) and HWE and LWP athletes (117.0 ± 17.8 kg vs. 76.7 ± 13.7 kg; 1.5 ± 0.2 kg·BW−1 vs. 1.1 ± 0.2 kg·BW−1). In addition, there was a correlation between 1RM bench press and isometric lumbar strength for absolute (r = 0.67) and relative values (r = 0.50). This study showed that the 1RM bench press and isometric lumbar strength were associated and could differentiate MMA athletes according to their competitive level and weight class. Therefore, optimizing the force production in the upper body and lower back seems important in elite and professional MMA athletes.

The purpose of this study was to describe weekly variations in the type and duration of training, as well as wellness-related parameters, in elite volleyball players. Twenty-four youth elite volleyball players from the French national team (age: 17.8 ± 1.0 y.o.) were monitored daily, and the type of training, training duration, participation in matches, and wellness status were measured over 22 weeks. Volleyball training duration varied from 100 to 510 minutes per week, while strength and conditioning training duration varied from 97 to 262 minutes per week. Fatigue levels varied from 1.5 to 2.8 A.U., and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) varied from 1.5 to 2.5 A.U. Large positive correlation were found between sleep and match duration (r = 0.64) and between stress and weekly volume (r = 0.52). Additionally, moderate positive correlation were found between fatigue and match duration (r = 0.36); between sleep and weekly volume (r = 0.35); between DOMS and match duration (r = 0.43); between stress and strength training (r = 0.42), volleyball training (r = 0.35), and match duration (r = 0.47). The present study revealed natural variations in training volume across the season and moderate dependency between weekly training/match durations and wellness status.

To the authors’ knowledge this is the first study to describe the strength and conditioning (S&C) practices and perspectives of volleyball coaches and players. In total, 30 volleyball coaches (mean age 34.47 ± 7.83 years and coaching experience 19.57 ± 8.28 years), and 30 volleyball players (mean age 22.03 ± 4.43 years and playing experience 10.43 ± 8.98 years) completed an online survey with six sections: (a) informed consent; (b) background information; (c) education, qualifications, and prescription; (d) views on S&C; (e) exercise selection and preferences; and (f) issues and improvements. Frequency analysis was used to report responses to fixed-response questions and the matic-analysis for open-ended questions. While only one participant possessed an S&C certification, S&C was deemed ‘important’ to ‘very important’ for volleyball skills, physical fitness, and injury parameters. However, due to a reported lack of expertise, there appeared to be a theoretical understanding to practice gap. Furthermore, the implementation of S&C was considerably hindered by a lack of time, facilities, and equipment. National sports associations, coaches, and players can use the information within this study to provide an understanding of the current practices and perspec tives of S&C in volleyball. While also promoting future developments in volleyball related S&C research and practice.

ntroduction. The aim of the study is to determine the optimal load for generating the highest value of force, power and the rate of power and force development (RFD and RPD) in the upper limb of mixed martial arts (MMA) fighters with the use of activation and explosive exercises. The training period of MMA players was included in the research. Material and Methods: Twenty-nine MMA fighters participated in the study and were divided into two groups depending on the length of their training period (under and over 5 years). The subjects did 2 ballistic push-ups before the study and after-wards they performed 5 repetitions of press dumbbells while lying down with an increasing load: 50% 1RM, 65% 1RM and 80% 1RM. The rest was 4 minutes. All ballistic push-ups were performed on ForceDecks, and the data was analysed using the manufacturer’s software. To compare differences between the groups, one-way ANOVA and post-hoc test were used. T-Student test was used to deter-mine the differences within the groups. Results: Amateurs obtained greater force and RPD results after the activation exercise performed at 50% 1RM, while power and RFD at 65% 1RM. For professionals, the highest force was achieved with a load of 80% 1RM, power at 50% 1RM, and RFD and RPD at 80% 1RM. Statistically significant differences between the groups were observed before and after each trial in force and RPD. The power did not statistically differ only after the load of 65% 1RM. In RFD, no statistically significant differences were found between the studied groups. Conclusions: Competitors with longer training experience should use a greater load in an activation exercise than competitors with shorter training experience.

Background: The need for a strong grip in ‘ground’ martial arts is undisputed, but it is not obvious in karate. It may be expected that in the case of advanced karate fighters where dynamic combat movements dominate, the level of speed skills will be high. However, does the karate style affect the Ditrich rod dexterity and the strength of the players’ handshake? Methods: 39 participants were analyzed, all of whom were elite karate fighters—21 in the Kyokushin style (age: 31.4 ± 6.3; body weight: 77.2 ± 18.2 kg) and 18 in the Shotokan style (age: 23.3 ± 11.8 years; body weight: 70.9 ± 14.2 kg). They performed the following: a test of reaction speed and dexterity with a Ditrich rod, and a hand grip strength test with a dynamometer. Results: The data shows that there is no difference in the Ditrich rod test for both the left and right hand among the analyzed Kyokushin and Shotokan fighters. Significant differences were recorded in the grip strength of both hands (p < 0.05). There is a positive correlation between the strength of the grip on both hands (r = 0.593; p < 0.05). Discussion: Kyokushin-style karate players have a higher grip strength than those trained in the Shotokan style. Perhaps this is due to differences in the preparation for fights. The analysis showed no statistical significance in the Ditrich rod test. It is probable that the level of dexterity in karate is independent of the training canon

Martial arts have become the center of academic attention this century. Along with groundbreaking monographs, to date, scholars have developed edited books on women in combat sports (Channon and Matthews, 2015) and on theoretical topics pertaining to habitus